Department of Microbiology - Scholarly Publications
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Item Citric Acid Production by Aspergillus niger Cultivated on Parkia biglobosa Fruit Pulp(Internationally Scholarly Research Notices, 2014) Aransiola, S.AThe study was conducted to investigate the potential of Parkia biglobosa fruit pulp as substrate for citric acid production by Aspergillus niger. Reducing sugar was estimated by 3,5‐dinitrosalicylic acid and citric acid was estimated spectrophotometrically using pyridine‐acetic anhydride methods. The studies revealed that production parameters (pH, inoculum size, substrate concentration, incubation temperature, and fermentation period) had profound effect on the amount of citric acid produced. The maximum yield was obtained at the pH of 2 with citric acid of 1.15 g/L and reducing sugar content of 0.541 mMol−1, 3% vegetative inoculum size with citric acid yield of 0.53 g/L and reducing sugar content of 8.87 mMol−1, 2% of the substrate concentration with citric acid yield of 0.83 g/L and reducing sugar content of 9.36 mMol−1, incubation temperature of 55°C with citric acid yield of 0.62 g/L and reducing sugar content of 8.37 mMol−1, and fermentation period of 5 days with citric acid yield of 0.61 g/L and reducing sugar content of 3.70 mMol−1. The results of this study are encouraging and suggest that Parkia biglobosa pulp can be harnessed at low concentration for large scale citric acid production.Item Crude Oil Biodegradation Potential of Lipase Produced by Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soil(Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, 2024) Aransiola, S.A.Microbial biodegradation of oil pollutants and their derivatives has become the most environmental-friendly method in the developing world. The aim of this study was to evaluate crude oil biodegradation potential of lipase produced by indigenous bacteria from oil contaminated soil. Indigenous bacteria isolates were identified as species of Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the isolates were able to produce lipase as revealed in their zone of clearance on tween 80 agar plates and the presence of lipase produced by the two bacteria were further confirmed using spectrophotometric analyses. Lipase produced by B. subtilis showed maximal lipase activity at pH 8 and 40 while the enzyme produced by P. aeruginosa showed maximal lipase activity (U/mL) at pH 8 and 50 when subjected to various pH and temperature respectively. Lipase produced by B. subtilis recorded 8.11 ± 0.70 of crude oil degradation in mineral salt medium within 28 days, while that of P. aeruginosa recorded 15.6 ± 0.03 of crude oil biodegradation. The GC–MS analysis of the crude oil treatment showed complete mineralization of several compounds, and also showed peak reduction which indicates lipase efficiency in the degradation of hydrocarbons. As revealed by GC–MS analysis, out of the 8 hydrocarbons identified in an undegraded oil, 5 were completely degraded by the enzyme activities while 2 (toluene and methyl, cyclopentane) were identified with hydrocarbons treated with lipase. The enzymes produced by B. subtilis and P. aeruginosa can serve as useful product for bioremediation of crude oil contaminated soil.Item Biotechnology for bioenergy production: current status, challenges, and prospects(Elsevier, 2024) Aransiola, S.A.The ever-increasing human population and industrialization has increased the energy demands globally. This has resulted in several challenges such as depletion of fossil fuels, environmental degradation, and erratic energy supply. Therefore, there is a great need to enhance energy generation in a sustainable manner to fulfill the demand of energy and subsequently safeguard against the related challenges. Hence, ecofriendly approaches are significant. Bioenergy has received an exceptionally noticeable attention; it has emerged as a feasible and sustainable alternative to the conventional modes of energy generation involving fossil fuels because it mitigates against undesirable effects of greenhouse gas emissions produced by fossil fuels since it utilizes lignocellulosic biomass and wastes. Biotechnology is a promising technology that has revolutionized the field of bioenergy production, enabling considerable improvement in the yield, quality, and sustainability of bioenergy products. The major bioenergies produced are bioethanol, biodiesel, and biogas. Commonly, bioenergy is produced mainly through saccharification and fermentation processes using different microorganisms including bacteria, yeast, fungi, and algae. Modern biotechnological techniques such as genetic engineering, recombinant DNA technology, and metabolic engineering are utilized to modify the genetic characteristics of energy-producing plants to enhance the biomass yield and also increase the quality of the bioenergy. However, the combination of multiple genetic engineering technologies is considered the best for optimizing and obtaining the desired bioenergy. This chapter examined the current status, challenges, and future prospects of biotechnology in bioenergy production and also discussed the associated challenges and opportunities.Item Effects of Soil Contaminants on Soil Microbiome(Springer Cham, 2024) Aransiola, S.A.The soil microbiome, which comprises diverse microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses and archaea; which play a fundamental role in ecosystem functions, from primary production to carbon storage. Likewise, soil microbiomes influence vital processes such as nutrient cycling and water regulation. However, soil health is under threat by different factors, including industrialization, population growth, climate change, and human activities such as erosion and pollution. Heavy metals, hydrocarbons and other contaminants from anthropogenic activities alter microbial communities, harming vital soil functions such as nutrient cycling and the decomposition of organic matter. Additionally, contaminants such as pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons alter the composition of the microbiome, hindering its ability to biodegrade. For centuries, scholars have explored soil microbiomes using ‘omics’ technologies to understand their genetic and biochemical makeup. Interaction mechanisms between soil microbiomes and contaminants reveal microbial capabilities to detoxify, sequester or degrade contaminants. Certain bacteria, such as rhizobacteria, that promote plant growth, help in metal chelation, nutrient solubilization and promotion of root growth, mitigating polluting effects. Efforts to restore soil microbiomes are supported by a variety of innovative and effective techniques that seek to comprehensively combat environmental pollution. These strategies range from approaches that use the biological activity of microorganisms to methods that take advantage of the ability of plants to absorb and detoxify soil. Such approaches, developed with the common goal of improving soil quality and mitigating environmental impacts, represent a constantly evolving field of study and exploration of new sustainable solutions for the restoration of terrestrial ecosystems. Understanding the intricate relationship between soil microbiomes and contaminants is vital to designing effective strategies to restore soil health and ensure environmental sustainability. Taking advantage of the diverse capacities of the microorganisms present in the soil, the impacts of pollution could be reduced, in order to preserve the vital functions of terrestrial ecosystems. Keeping in view of the importance of soil microbiome in environmental sustainability, following topics were deeply discussed in this chapter: (i) fundamentals of the soil microbiome, (ii) Impact of soil contaminants on microbiome diversity, (iii) mechanisms of interaction of the soil microbiome on contaminants, (iv) rhizobacteria as plant growth promoters (PGPR) in soil pollution mitigation, and (v) tool and strategies for the restoration of the soil microbiome.Item Microbiological and Sensory Attributes of Water Melon Juice and Watermelon-orange Juice Mix(Journal of Food Resource Science, 2015) Aransiola, S.A.Juice was produced from watermelon and stored at room (28±2°C) and refrigeration (8°C) temperatures and was analyzed for its microbiological and nutritional qualities. The total aerobic bacterial, coliform, mold and yeast counts increased with time. Total aerobic bacterial counts ranged from 1.5×102 to 3.6×103 for water melon juice (WM), 1.3×103 to 2.3×102 for water melon/orange juice mix (WO) and 1.0×103 to 2.9×102 for commercially packaged juice (ST). Coliform counts were 1.0×103 to 2.9×102 for WM, 2.1×102 to 2.3×103 for WO and no counts were recorded for ST, while the yeast counts ranged from 2.4×102 to 2.6×103 for WM, 2.4×103 to 3.2×103 for WO and 0 to 1.2×102 for ST. Bacteria isolated were Bacillus sp. Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella sp. and Pseudomonas sp., while the mold isolates were Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Mucor sp. The yeast isolate was Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Vitamin C and total solid contents decreased with time while total titratable acidity and ash content increased on storage in freshly made juice samples, commercially packaged juice which served as a control showed negligible changes. The general acceptability tests revealed that the commercially packaged juice (ST) was preferred on account of taste and flavor while water melon juice (WM) was preferred based on colour. The water melon/orange juice mix (WO) was however, not preferred because of colour, flavor and taste.Item Biosorption of Lead by Bacteria Isolated from Abattoir Wastewater.(Nigerian Journal of Technological Research, 2021) Aransiola, S.A.Six bacteria were isolated from abattoir wastewater collected from Minna central abattoir. Lead tolerant bacteria were isolated from the wastewater. The isolates were then characterized on the basis of their colonial appearance and reaction to various biochemical tests. The lead tolerance profile of the isolates was carried out using agar diffusion method, with concentrations of Lead nitrate ranging from 50-250 mg/L. Two resistant isolates identified as species of Bacillus and Neisseria were selected for biosorption studies. Lead concentration was determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The lead biosorption capacity of the two isolates was studied by inoculating 2 mL of 24 hours old bacteria suspension in 50mL Nutrient broth, containing varying concentrations of lead (500 and 1000 mg/L) at varying pH (7 and 8), with representative samples being withdrawn at day 4, 8 and 12. The results showed that highest biosorption rate was recorded on day 10, at pH 7, in solution containing 500 mg/L of lead with 75.3% and 66% by Bacillus sp. and Neisseria sp. respectively. These results show that Bacillus sp. had better sorption capacity than Neisseria sp. Both organisms can be used for the removal of lead.Item Marine Microbial Enzymes - An Overview(Springer Nature Singapore, 2022) Aransiola S.A.The modern world is now focusing on environmental-friendly products, and, hence, many chemical processes are being replaced by enzymatic methods. In recent years, enzymes have attracted huge attention due to their potential industrial, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic applications in everyday life. The marine environment has been identified as a reservoir of important microorganisms having the potential to generate multifarious enzyme systems with novel applications. Marine microbial enzymes, in particular, attract special interest due to their distinct habitat-related properties that enable them to be active in extreme environments. Hence, marine microbial enzymes including proteases, lipases, collagenases, agarases, celluloses, and other enzymes can offer novel biocatalysts with extraordinary properties. This chapter discusses marine microbial enzymes, their properties, and their applications in different fields of human endeavors.Item Marine Greens: Roles in Climate Change and Global Warming Mitigations.(CRC Press, 2024) Aransiola, S.A.The world has been witnessing an unprecedented release of greenhouse gas emissions, notably CO2 (which accounts for 68% of greenhouse gases), into the environment, especially from anthropogenic sources. This has had a deleterious impact on different ecosystems and even humans. Different strategies, including physical methods such as ocean storage, biochar burial, and geological sequestration; chemical methods such as chemical scrubbing and mineral carbonization; and biological land-based processes such as agriculture, reforestation, and photosynthetic microorganisms, have been explored with little success. In order to curb this menace, ocean-based strategies using two major types of marine greens (macro- and microalgae) have been highlighted to play crucial roles in mitigating climate change and global warming. Marine greens are excellent at sequestering carbon from the environment. Marine greens play crucial roles in mitigating climate change and global warming by capturing carbon from stationary sources, which can then be used to produce useful chemicals and even generate energy.Item Screening of Bacterial Consortium Isolated from Oil Contaminated Soil for its Potential to Degrade Crude Oil.(Advanced Science Focus, 2012) Aransiola, S.A.Environmental pollution arising from oil spillage, especially hydrocarbon is a major environmental and public health concern. This environmental threat has led to the development of methods used to remediate an oil polluted site, which include the use of physical, chemical, and biological methods. Biological methods have been developed and improved for cleaning up oil contaminated sites and have become an alternative to chemical and physical methods. The potential of bacterial consortium to degrade crude oil was studied for 28 days at 30 C in mineral salt media containing one gram of crude oil. Three bacterial species (Pseudomonas, Micrococcus and Bacillus) were used and their potential to degrade crude oil was tested separately. The best three degrader, were used to construct a bacterial consortium. The highest percentage (98.4%) of total petroleum hydrocarbon degradation was recorded for a bacterial consortium, as compared to the percentage of degradation recorded for single isolate Micrococcus sp. IM6 (77.6%), Pseudomonas sp. IM2 (73.1%) and Bacillus sp. IM4 (67.7%) species, respectively. The result obtained from the study shows that a bacterial consortium is more effective than its single components and it can be used in reclaiming crude oil polluted soil.Item Biosorption of Chromium by Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Waste Dump Site.(Expert Opin Environl Biol, 2015) Aransiola, S.A.This study focused on biosorption of Chromium using Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis. The study was performed by varying the parameters that determine the efficiency of biosorption, i.e. pH, biomass concentration, metal concentration, temperature and contact time. The results obtained shows that higher percentage of Chromium biosorption was recorded with Bacillus subtilis. The optimum value for each of the parameters was obtained in the following order; for pH, optimum value was 4.0, with highest biosorption percentage of 80.6 and 86.7% for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis respectively. Highest biosorption percentage of 83.0 and 86.7% were recorded at concentration of 2ml for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis respectively for biomass concentration. Chromium concentration produced 73.6 and 86.7% highest biosorption at 5ppm for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis respectively. Temperature showed highest biosorption of 83.0 and 86.7% at 37oC for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis respectively. Contact time was also varied and found to have been optimum in Chromium biosorption 14th day with sorption of 73.3 and 86.7% for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis respectively. The result shows the efficacy of biosorption of Chromium by the isolated organisms (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis) in bioremediation of Chromium polluted water, thus, is suitable for future application.Item ANAMMOX in Wastewater Treatment(Springer Singapore, 2021) Aransiola S.A.Water is a universal solvent that is used both for domestic and commercial purposes. Used water is referred to as wastewater which is released in a varying quantity of volumes to the environment. Wastewater could be point source or non-point source. This water consists of wastes, solid, liquid and gaseous. Ammonia, also known as NH3, is a colourless gas with a discrete odour and a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen, but when the compressed liquid of anhydrous ammonia gets into the atmosphere, it turns into a dangerous gas. In order to minimize these effects, both biological and physico-chemical technologies have been applied in the elimination of ammonium from wastewaters for a long period; however, these methods are not very effective in the removal of this ammonium, in accordance to the stringent discharge standards; hence, more effective technologies are called out, and one of these effective and efficient technologies is referred to as anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX). ANAMMOX process is an economical and energy-saving biotechnology that encompasses a great potential in the treatment of ammonium-rich wastewaters, especially after its successful case in the treatment of sludge digest liquids. This chapter is therefore written to focus on ANAMMOX organisms, their applications in wastewater treatment and their advantages and disadvantages.Item Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles to Bypass the Blood-Brain Barrier for the Treatment of Neurological Diseases: A Review(Pacific Journal of Medical Sciences,, 2024) Aransiola, S.A.Neurological disorders are increasing exponentially and at an alarming rate, affecting great number of people globally. Normal functioning of the central nervous system (CNS) depends on the blood-brain barrier's (BBB) integrity. Therapeutic amount of some drugs cannot reach the brain; therefore majority of effective pharmaceuticals that have been produced for the treatment of neurological illnesses have subpar therapeutic results. Due to lack of targeted drug delivery mechanism, there is a large concentration of these drugs in the body's essential organs, and this might be harmful to the body. To surmount this challenge, patients are given high doses of medication in an effort to reach the brain more quickly, which ultimately causes off-target organ toxicity. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop effective treatments for neurological disorders. Nano systems for drug delivery have been investigated because of their targeting capabilities. Chitosan is a natural polymer that is frequently used to create drug delivery nano-systems. Because of its special qualities, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, and mucoadhesive properties, it enables targeted therapy without posing any hazardous risks. Recently, drug delivery nano-systems, hydrogels, and scaffolds made of chitosan have been employed to treat several neurological conditions. This review will concentrate on brain-targeting nanoparticles made of chitosan.Item In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Jatropha curcas Seed Extract.(International Research Journal of Pharmacy, 2011) Aransiola, S.A.The antimicrobial effects of the methanol, ethyl acetate and hexane extracts of J.curcas seed at concentration ranging from 50-200mg/ml were tested against some pathogenic organisms using agar diffusion method; the extracts exhibited antimicrobial activities with the zones of inhibition ranging from 10-25, 8-23, 10-20 and 12-21(mg/ml) for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Candida albican, respectively. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) which ranges from 3.13-12.5mg/ml was determined using the broth dilution method; the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) ranges from 25-2.25mg/ml. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloid, glycosides,flavonoid and carbohydrate. The ability of the crude seed extracts of J.curcas to inhibit bacteria and fungi is an indication of its broad spectrum antimicrobial potential which may be employed in the management of microbial infections. It is necessary to determine the active dosage level so as to be able to formulate it into a pharmaceutical dosage for use in chemotherapy.Item Production of laccase by Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus niger for treatment of textile effluent(Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment, 2025) Aransiola, S.A.The improper disposal of textile effluents without effective treatment has adverse environmental, social, economic, and health impacts and as such, it is vital to find innovative technological solutions to reduce the negative consequences of textile effluents. Laccases are versatile multicopper enzymes found in plants, fungi and other microorganisms with wide applications especially in the textile and paper industry. This study examined the production of laccase from Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus niger to remediate textile effluent. Both organisms were identified by molecular method and plate test method was used to evaluate laccase production by the two organisms. Rice bran emerged as the substrate of choice for laccase production. At optimum temperature (30°C), the highest laccase produced was 0.522 U/mL and 0.642 U/mL at 35°C for B. subtilis and A. niger respectively. The optimum pH level of 5 and 6 produced the highest laccase yield of 0.583 U/mL and 0.684 U/mL respectively. Significant improvements of laccases from B. subtilis and A. niger were observed on physicochemical analysis of TDS, pH, electrical conductivity, TSS, temperature and DO in treating textile effluent. Notably, these enzymes exhibited remarkable efficacy reduction in BOD (38 %), COD (14 %), and nitrate (23 %) levels in the effluent. The study underscores the efficacy of laccases from the microorganisms in treating textile effluent, with concentrations ranging from 10 to 30 U/mL proving effective. However, laccase produced from B. subtilis showed more remediation potential in textile effluent treatment compared to the one produced by A. nigerItem Roles of Marine Microbial Products to the Nigeria Economy.(Springer Cham, 2024) Aransiola, S.A.Metabolites and/or products originating from living things, including microbes, plants, and animals, are referred to as natural products. For thousands of years, people have used and consumed natural goods in various forms all across the world. Natural products derived from marine microbial sources have gained a lot of attention lately because of developments in X-ray crystallography, spectroscopy, deep-sea exploration technology, and other separation techniques. It is believed that the harsh conditions found in the sea, which include high or low temperatures, high pressure, low pH, and high salt concentrations, give marine microbial products their distinct physiological characteristics and unusual chemical structures. Because symbiotic microbes that produce natural products coexist with macroorganisms such as sponges and corals, it is also possible to extract marine natural products of microbial origins from them. Bacteria, fungi, viruses, microalgae, marine micro-animals, and symbiotic microorganisms are some of the major categories of marine microorganisms. More than 30,000 marine microbial products have been found since the first ones were isolated in the 1950s. Nigeria has a lot of potential for extracting lucrative marine microbial products because of its long coastline and big surface area. Products made from marine microorganisms are widely employed in the food and beverage, agricultural, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. The Nigerian economy and its businesses stand to gain greatly from these broad use cases. However, to fully capitalize on these advantages, a thorough investigation of Nigeria’s maritime habitats should be carried out in conjunction with companies to find and market marine microbial goods.Item Treatment of Pharmaceutical Effluent by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Torulaspora delbrueckii Isolated from Spoilt Water Melon(Research Journal of Environmental Toxicology, 2015) Aransiola, S.A.A study was designed to assess the efficacy of yeast isolated from spoilt water melon in the biological treatment of pharmaceutical effluent. There were two yeast species identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Torulaspora delbrueckii. Each of the yeast was inoculated into the effluent and incubated for 15 days. Saccharomyces cerevisiae shows the highest percentage reduction of 52.5%, 52.5% and 58.7% for BOD, COD and nitrate respectively of the pharmaceutical effluent and closely followed by the consortium which has 44.5%, 44.5% and 72.0% for BOD, COD and nitrate reduction, respectively. The least percentage reduction was displayed by Torulaspora delbrueckii with 38.3%, 38.3% and 79.7%. The study revealed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from spoilt water melon could be used in the biological treatment of pharmaceutical effluent.Item Biofilms of Pathogenic Bacteria and Emerging Antibiofilm Strategies.(Qhalikay. Journal of health sciences, 2022) Aransiola, S.A.Biofilms act as physical barriers to the immune system and drugs used by the host, resulting in antimicrobial resistance. Biofilms reduce the chances of eradicating infections and can result in relapses and backsliding after conventional treatment. Biofilms have a big impact on food safety in the food industry; many foodborne outbreaks have been linked to pathogenic bacteria that can form a biofilm. Biofilm-associated infections can cause not only severe symptoms but also serious side effects and even death. The findings of an experimental study of pathogenic bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enteritidis, and Staphylococcus aureus forming biofilms are presented in this article. The process of biofilm formation and its development phases were displayed with preserved architectonics using light and scanning electron microscopes. The amount of biofilm formed was influenced by the growth medium as well as the incubation conditions and time. Biofilmforming microbes are a common cause of complicated and recurrent diseases, and they are usually linked to multidrug-resistant bacteria, which account for nearly 80% of all refractory nosocomial infections. Medical device- and tissue-associated biofilm infections are two types of biofilm infections. Understanding the pathogenesis and factors that contribute to biofilm formation, as well as the disruption and dispersal mechanisms of biofilms, will aid in the development of improved anti-biofilm strategies. Overall, this literature review can serve as a single source of information about microbial biofilm formation and mitigation strategies, which could be extremely useful to biofilm researchers.Item Assessment of Water Contamination in Nigeria-Review(Journal of Basic and Applied Research International, 2016) Aransiola, S.A.Human exercises including industrialization and agricultural practices contributes significantly to the degradation and contamination of environment which contrarily affects the water bodies (streams and sea) that is a need forever. Universally, water contamination is a noteworthy issue far and wide. However aquatic resources comprises of greatly extensive variety of flora and fauna resources which offer an expansive exhibit of products with potential utilitarian application in farming and industries which renders profitable advantages and services. The slow poising of the waters is seen in Nigeria and the decimation of vegetation and agricultural land by industrial effluents release, agricultural release and oil spills. Regardless of general society and worldwide organizations' arrangement concentrate on this issue, the circumstance in Nigeria appears deteriorating and in this manner requests earnest and prompt considerations.Item Bio-decolourization of Basic Fuchsin dye by Saccharomyces cerevisiae Isolated from Salt water and Palm wine(Journal of Biology and Nature, 2015) Aransiola, S.A.In this study, Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from palm wine and salt water was used to degrade 20 mg basic fuchsin dye for a period of 12 days under aerobic condition in 250 mL, 500 mL and 750 mL mineral salt media. The degree of decolorization of basic fuchsin was determined using UV-visible spectrophotometer with absorbance of 620 nm. At the end of twelve days, 60.39%, 41.29% and 24.47% (for Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from salt water) basic fuchsin decolorization by Saccharomyces cerevisiae were recorded and 72.61%, 48.88% and 33.92% (for Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from palm wine) basic fuchsin decolorization by the same organism were recorded in 250 mL, 500 mL and 750 mL concentrations at pH 6.5, respectively. The results suggest the potential of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the treatment of waste water containing basic fuchsin.Item Microbial Nanomaterial Synthesis: Types and Applications(Springer Singapore, 2023) Aransiola, S.A.The present chapter addresses synthesis of microbial nanomaterial, types, and applications. Nanomaterials can be made by combustion processes or can be purposely synthesized through scientific or engineering innovation to execute specific function. Production of nanomaterials through biogenic enzymatic processes has better quality compared to its counterpart produced via chemical processes. The biosynthesis of nanostructures involves a variety of biomolecules, including secondary metabolites, carbohydrates, and proteins released by different microbes. Extracellular polysaccharides aid the reduction of various metal ions and the stability of metal nanoparticles because proteins in bacterial membranes are crucial for titrating metal ions. Terpenoids and flavonoids, which are organic molecules, are efficient at stabilizing and sealing nanomaterials, which affect their overall composition, size, and form. Additionally, algae species and morphological diversity influence the secretion of nanostructures. Nanomaterials occupy a large surface area per volume ratio due to the arrangement of nanoscale size that contributed to their structures, together with indistinguishable proportions to biomolecules which enhance distinctive properties for numerous usages. Microbiologically produced nanomaterials offer a wide range of potential uses in a variety of industries, including agriculture, coatings, cosmetics, packaging, food, beverages, drug deliveries, bioremediation, biomedicine, diagnostics, and electronics production. Actually, scientists have started paying attention to this technology since the resulting nanoparticles displayed unique characteristics such as biocompatibility, a larger range of uses, cost-effective production techniques, and environmental sustainability. Additionally, a variety of natural biological resources, including plants, algae, fungi, actinomycetes, bacteria, viruses, and even secondary microbial metabolites, are utilized to manufacture nanoparticles.