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Assay of the Level of Calcium, Magnesium and Inorganic Phosphorus in HIV Infected Patients in Owerri, Southeast Nigeria
(Journal of Clinical & Experimental Pathology, 2013-01-24) Obum-Nnadi, Charity
HIV is a retrovirus, but differs from other retroviruses such as Human T Lymphotrophic Viruses (HTLV) 1 and 2, is transmitted sexually and pre-natally. A total of eighty HIV/AIDS patients attending heart to heart in a Federal Medical center were assayed for the presence of Calcium, Magnesium and inorganic Phosphates which are among trace elements found in the human body, in relation to their CD4 cell counts. The mean (mMol/l) value and Standard Deviation of Calcium, Magnesium and Inorganic phosphates on the HIV infected male patients were investigated to be 1.96 ± 0.49(Ca),1.01± 0.80(Mg), and 1.03 ± 0.09(P) respectively, while the mean (mMol/l) value and Standard Deviation (SD) were 1.96 ± 0.49 (Ca), 0.99 ± 1.70 (Mg), and 1.07 ± 0.25 respectively. The infection rate was high on the female between the age range of 21-30 and 31-40 years with a prevalence rate of 33.5% (27) and 15.0% (12) respectively. Spectrophotometric assay using flow cytometer counter reported that the CD4 cell count of each individual infected with HIV is not dependent or have positive correlation or significant effects at (p>0.05) on the level of concentrations of Calcium, magnesium and inorganic phosphates in the plasma, when compared to the controls and the normal estimate value for trace elements in human plasma. Based on the assay and statistical significance, the CD4 cell count of each individual patient infected with HIV or not, was assumed to be dependent on the anatomical composition and physiological state of their body, dietrary and environmental factors as well as educational exposure of the individual.
Mycological Quality of Rastrineobola argentea (Silver Cyprinid Fish) Sold in Markets in Owerri Metropolis, Nigeria
(International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology., 2018-11) Obum-Nnadi, Charity
Fungi isolated from sun dried Rastrineobola argentea are associated with deterioration of the fish and is of public health importance. These may be as a result of inadequate sun drying, handling and storage, thus, the mycological quality of R. argentea sold in markets in Owerri metropolis was studied. A total of five markets were studied from which fifty retailers were sampled randomly and systematically. A sample of 20 g of R. argentea was collected from each participant. Samples were cultured on Sabourand dextrose agar to enumerate and identify the fungal isolates using cultural and microscopic methods. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the differences in the succession of fungi between and within markets at 5% level of significance. The results obtained showed that five fungal genera were isolated.These were; Aspergillus species 19 (44%), Candida species 11 (18%), Penicillium species 9 (28%), Rhizopus species 6 (18%) and Mucor species 5 (10%). The presence of mycotoxin producing species such as Aspergillus and Penicillium in the samples posses a real health risk through consumption or directly through contact with the fish products and therefore measures should be taken to improve their quality.
Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Efficacy of Apiary Honey on some bacteria isolated from Diabetic Foot Ulcer
(Nigerian Journal of Microbiology, 2019-10) Obum-Nnadi, Charity
Diabetic wounds unlike typical wounds are slower to heal, making treatment with conventional topical medications an uphill process. Among several different alternative therapies, honey is an effective choice because it provides comparatively rapid wound healing. The apiary honey samples used in this study were purchased from Umudike research Institute Umuahia, in Abia State, Southeastern Nigeria. Phytochemical screening, antibacterial susceptibility test, minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were performed using standard methods. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of reducing sugar, saponins, glycosides, alkaloids and flavonoids and absence of Terpenoids, Phlobatanins, phenols and tannins. Antibacterial activity of apiary honey on some medically important bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, Bacillus subtilis, Proteus vulgaris and seudomonas aeruginosa shows that apiary honey exhibit strong antibacterial activity producing zones of inhibition against the tested bacteria. Also, honey sample used in this study showed antibacterial activity than the commercially available antibiotics, both of which were of the same concentration of 2.5ml. The results from this study shows that apiary honey, apart from its roles as food and supplements, could be used as an antibacterial agent, as they may be an excellent alternative to curtail the further spreading of drug resistant bacteria in Nigeria.
Phytochemical and Antibacterial Activities of Ocimum Gratissimum on Some Selected Drug Resistant Bacteria
(FUW Trends in Science & Technology Journal,, 2019-12) Obum-Nnadi Charity Ndidi
The use of Ocimum gratissimum (scent leaf) as food and medicine could be attributed to its phytochemical and antimicrobial properties. This work is aimed at evaluating the phytochemicals and antibacterial activities of Ocimum gratissimum on some selected drug resistant bacteria. The antibacterial activities of the plant potent extracts were tested on the test isolates using Agar-well diffusion techniques. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the extracts were determined according to the macro broth dilution technique. Phytochemical analysis of fresh and dried leaf extracts revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids saponin, and terpeniods. Results obtained revealed that the cold water extracts of the fresh leaves was most potent, inhibiting all isolates with diameter zones of inhibition ranging from 16 to 20 mm, followed by ethanol extract of the dry leaves with zone range of 15 to 18 mm and hot water fresh leaf 11 to 18 mm, but E. coli showed total resistance to the cold water dry leaf extract. The extracts inhibited the growth of the bacterial isolates in a concentration dependent manner with MICs ranging between 50.5–150 mg/ml, while MBC ranged from 12.5–100 mg/ml. The findings from this study seem to provide the in vitro evidence that might justify O. gratissimum as a good candidate medicinal plant for further investigations, and that the active principles of the plant may be more polar in nature.
Phytochemical Constituents and Antibacterial Activities of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Calyces (Zobo Flower) Extracts on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus
(Journal of Health Sciences & Research, 2020) Obum-Nnadi, Charity
Introduction: Hibiscus sabdariffa plant has been used in many ways both for industrial purposes and medicinal uses. It has been discovered to have antimicrobial properties. Aim and objective: The present study was aimed to investigate the phytochemical and antimicrobial activities of methanolic and aqueous extracts of H. sabdariffa calyces on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Materials and methods: The phytochemical analysis was carried out using standard methods. The antibacterial activity of the plant extracts was determined using the agar well diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the plant extracts on the test isolates were determined using the micro broth dilution method. Results: The phytochemical analysis showed that terpenoids, phenols, flavonoids, glycosides, tannin, saponin, alkaloids, and anthraquinolones were present in varying concentrations of the different extracts. The methanol extract of H. Sabdariffa calyces possesses more antimicrobial activity (13–24 mm) in a concentration-dependent manner than the aqueous extract (7–20 mm). The MIC of different extracts of S. aureus was between 25 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL while that of E. coli was also between 12.5 mg/mL and 25 mg/mL. The MBC of different extracts of S. aureus was between 25 and 50 mg/mL while that of E. coli was between 6.25 and 50 mg/mL. Conclusion: It can be concluded that some secondary metabolites present in H. sabdariffa calyces was responsible for the observed inhibition of the bacteria seen in this study. The methanol extract of H. sabdariffa calyces possesses more antimicrobial activity in a concentration-dependent manner than the aqueous extract. Therefore, the test plant could be used to manufacture drugs that could be used to treat infections caused by the test organisms.
Phytochemical and Antibacterial Properties of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus
(Nigerian Journal of Microbiology, 2020) Obum-Nnadi, Charity
This present study was aimed to investigate the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial properties of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of M. oleifera leaf on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The phytochemical analysis was carried out using standard methods. The antibacterial activity of the plant extracts was determined using agar well diffusion method. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the plant extracts on the test isolates were determined using micro broth dilution method. Phytochemical analysis showed that terpenoids, phenols, flavonoids, glycosides, tannin, saponin, alkaloids, steroids, and anthraquinolones were present in varying concentrations of the different extracts. The antibacterial activities of the ethanol and aqueous extracts of M. oleifera leaf at concentrations of 200, 100, 50, 25,12.5mg/ml showed the zone diameter of inhibition for S. aureus in response to the different extracts ranged between 9mm to 20mm while that of E. coli was between 7mm to 19mm. The MIC of aqueous and ethanol leaf extract on S. aureus is 25mg/ml and 12.5mg/ml respectively while the MIC of aqueous and ethanol leaf extract on E. coli is 12.5mg/ml and 6.25mg/ml respectively. The MBC of aqueous and ethanol leaf extract on S. aureus is 25mg/ml and 12.5mg/ml respectively while the MBC of aqueous and ethanol leaf extract on E. coli is 50mg/ml and 25mg/ml respectively. It can be concluded that some secondary metabolites present in Moringa oleifera leaf may be responsible for the inhibition of the bacteria observed in this study; and the ethanol extract of M. oleifera leaf possesses more antimicrobial activity (10 – 20mm) in a concentration dependent manner than the aqueous extract (9 - 15mm). This could justify its use as an antimicrobial agent. Therefore, M. oleifera leaf could be a promising natural antimicrobial agent with potential applications in pharmaceutical industries for controlling the pathogenic bacteria used in this work.
Phytochemical and Antibacterial Activities of Vernonia Amygdalina Leaves (Bitter Leaf) on two Drug Resistant Bacteria
(International Journal of Research Studies in Microbiology and Biotechnology (IJRSMB), 2020) Obum-Nnadi, Charity
This present study was aimed to investigate the phytochemical and in-vitro antimicrobial activities of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf) on Staphylococcus auerus and Escherichia coli, using agar well diffusion method. The phytochemical constituents of this medicinal plant was carried out using standard methods. Agar dilution method was used to determine the antibacterial activity of the plant extracts. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the plant extracts on the test isolates were determined by the agar dilution method. Phytochemical analysis shows the presence of alkaloids, tannins, cardiac glycosides and saponins in all plant extracts. The hot ethanolic extract of Vernonia amygdalina showed antimicrobial activity with the mean inhibitory zone diameter of 8.0 – 19.0 mm against Staphylococcus auerus and 7.0 – 20.0 mm against Escherichia coli. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranged between 25 and 150 mg/ml while the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) range between 25 and 100mg/ml. In conclusion, Vernonia amygdalina has potential bioactive phytochemicals that are responsible for its antibacterial activities. It has also proven that bitter leaf extract is a more antibacterial substance than conventionally used antibiotics.
Phytochemical and Antibacterial Activities of Newbouldia laevis leaves (Ogirishi) on two Drug Resistant Bacteria
(International Journal of Research and Review, 2020-05) Obum-Nnadi, Charity
This present study was aimed to investigate the phytochemical and antimicrobial activities of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Newbouldia laevis (Ogirishi) on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The phytochemical constituents of this medicinal plant were carried out using standard methods. Agar dilution method was used to determine the antibacterial activity of the plant extracts. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the plant extracts on the test isolates were determined by the agar dilution method. Phytochemical analysis shows the presence of Phenols, flavonoids, glycosides, tanins, oxalate, terpenoids, anthraquinolones, alkaloids and tanins in both methanolic and aqueous extracts of N. laevis. The antibacterial activities of aqueous and methanolic leave extract of Newbouldia laevis shows that the mean zone diameter of inhibition for S. aureus on the different extracts was between the range of 9mm to 22mm while that of E. coli was between 8mm to 24mm. Result from this work shows a greater zone of inhibition produced by the methanolic extracts of N. laevis at all concentrations used compared to that produced by the positive control drug gentamicin. The MIC of different extracts of S. aureus was between 6.25mg/ml to 25mg/ml while that of E. coli was between 6.25mg/ml to 25mg/ml. The MBC of different extracts of S. aureus isolates was between the ranges of 50 to 100mg/ml while that of E. coli was also between the ranges of 50 to 100mg/ml. In conclusion, the results obtained in this work indicate that the leave extracts of N. Laevis possesses natural potential to inhibit the growth of S. aureus and E. coli. The observed antibacterial effects may due to the presence of secondary metabolites in the plant. Our findings justify the claim that the leave extracts of N. Laevis could have antibacterial properties against the stated organisms.
Phytochemical and Antibacterial Activities of Anacardium occidentale fruits extracts (Cashew) on two Drug Resistant Bacteria
(International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research, 2020-06) Obum-Nnadi Charity Ndidi
This present study was aimed at investigating the phytochemical and antibacterial activities of both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Anacardium occidentale (cashew) fruit on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The Phytochemical constituents of this medicinal plant were carried out using standard methods. Agar well diffusion method was used to determine the antibacterial activity of the plant extracts. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the plant extracts on the test isolates were determined by the Broth dilution method. Phytochemical analysis showed that Phenols, alkaloids, anthraquinolones, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, glycoside, terpenoids and tannins were present in both ethanolic and aqueous extracts of A. occidentale. The antibacterial activities of aqueous and ethanolic fruit extract of Anacardium occidentale showed that the mean zone diameter of inhibition for S. aureus on the different extracts was between the range of 11mm to 28mm while that of E. coli was between 17mm to 29mm. The MIC of different extracts of S. aureus was between 6.25mg/ml to 25mg/ml while that of E. coli was also between 6.25mg/ml to 25mg/ml. The MBC of different extracts of S. aureus isolates were between the ranges of 100 to 150mg/ml while that of E. coli was also between the range of 100 to 150mg/ml. The ethanol and aqueous extracts of Anacardium occidentale (Cashew) fruits are rich in wide range of secondary metabolites. Both extracts exhibited bactericidal activities against S. aureus and E. coli. The antibacterial efficacy of the fruit extracts of A. occidentale lends credence to ethno-medicinal use of the plant to treat various ailments.
Phytochemical and Antibacterial Properties of Garcinia kola Seeds (Bitter kola) on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus
(Global Science Independent Journal, 2020-09-08) Obum-Nnadi, Charity
The different parts of plants such as seed, leaves, barks and root contain medicinal substances. These substances produce definite physiological action in the human body. This present study was aimed to investigate the phytochemical and antibacterial properties of methanolic, ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Garcinia kola (bitter kola) on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The phytochemical constituents were carried out using standard methods. The antibacterial activities of the plant extracts was determined using agar-well diffusion method. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the plant extracts on the test isolates were determined by micro-broth dilution method. Phytochemical analysis shows that Phenols, flavonoids, glycosides, tannin, saponin, alkaloids and anthraquinolones were present in varying concentrations of the different extracts. The methanol extract of G. kola seed possesses more antimicrobial activity (17-25 mm) in a concentration dependent manner than the ethanol extract (10-21 mm) and then aqueous extract (7-17mm). The MIC of different extracts of S. aureus was between 12.5mg/ml to 50mg/ml while that of E. coli was also between 12.5mg/ml to 50mg/ml. The MBC of different extracts of S. aureus and E. coli isolates were both between the ranges of 25 to 100mg/ml. It can be concluded that some secondary metabolites present in Garcinia kola seed was responsible for the inhibition of the bacteria observed in this study; thus, the test plant could be used to manufacture drugs that could be used to treat infections caused by the test organisms.
Prevalence of Malaria, Typhoid fever, and their Co-nfection among Febrile Patients attending Aboh Mbaise General Hospital Imo State
(JOURNAL ON MEDICAL EMPHASIS RESEARCH, 2020-09-09) Obum-Nnadi, Charity
Malaria and typhoid fever are endemic diseases with life threatening consequences especially in Sub-Saharan Africa; and due to their geographical overlap, co-infections are very common. Their mimicking symptomatology often present with gross misdiagnosis and mistreatment. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of malaria, typhoid fever, and their Coinfection among febrile Patients attending Aboh Mbaise General Hospital as well as to establish the advantage of stool culture over widal agglutination test in the diagnosis of typhoid fever. A total of two hundred and eighty-four (284) each of blood and stool samples were collected from patients presenting febrile conditions suggestive of malaria and typhoid fever and analyzed using parasitological, agglutination (Widal) and stool culture techniques. All isolates were identified as Salmonella enteric serovar typhi using standard microbiological techniques. Questionnaire was administered to obtain information on malaria/typhoid management practices. Out of the 284 blood and stool samples analyzed, 71 (25.0%) were positive for malaria, 82(28.9%) and 21 (7.4%) were positive for Salmonella enterica serovar typhi for widal and stool culture respectively, while 34(12.0%) were positive for coinfection of typhoid and malaria. However, prevalence of malaria parasite was not statistically significant in relation to sex (p>0.05), as males had 43(15.1%) prevalence and females, 28(9.9%). For Salmonella enterica serovar typhi, the prevalence was not statistically significant in relation to sex (p>0.05) as males had 45(15.8%) to females 37(13.0%) for widal test and males 15(5.3%) to females 6(2.1%) for stool culture. Sex was not statistically significant (p>0.05). For malaria/typhoid co-infection; males had coinfection rate while females had 14(4.9%) but no statistical significance (P > 0.05). Infections of both diseases were higher in wet season than in dry season and was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Symptoms were not statistically significant in both diseases (P < 0.05). Both malaria and typhoid were prevalent among the studied population with high rate of co-infection. The use of widal test alone in the diagnosis of typhoid fever is unreliable, misleading and should be discouraged. Culture technique still remains the gold standard in the diagnosis of typhoid fever and should be embraced.
CONCOMITANT MALARIAL INFECTION AND PATHOGENIC MICROBIOTA IN THE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT OF PREGNANT WOMEN IN ORLU, IMO STATE, NIGERIA
(Asian Jr. of Microbiol. Biotech. Env. Sc. © Global Science Publications, 2022) Obum-Nnadi, Charity
To determine the prevalence and types of concomitant malaria and bacterial/mycotic Reproductive Tract Infections within the study area. Cervico-vaginal swabs were collected from 200 participating women using dry cotton and Dacron by placing them in the vaginal cavity for 10 seconds, removed and immediately rolled onto a slide for diagnosis of BV., C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoea, T. vaginalis and other RTIs by PCR. The swabs were stored at -20 oC for a few hours pending extraction which was conducted within 24 hours. For Malaria diagnosis and microscopy, thick blood films were stained using 10% Giemsa. A total of 18 attendees (9.05%) had Bacterial Vaginosis, 8 (4%) had Trichomoniasis while 8 (4%) and 4 (2%) had Gonorrhea and Syphilis respectively. 82(41%) had malaria infection only while 96 (48%) had no malaria infection. 22(11%) had malaria and co-infection of reproductive tract infections (RTIs). There was no significant difference in concomitant malaria infections and RTIs between pregnant women and non pregnant ones. P>0.001. Pregnancy was found not ot affect prevalence of Reproductive Tract Infections. The findings highlight the importance of an integrated approach to malaria and reproductive tract infections control during pregnancy
Risk Factors for Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from Diabetes Patients with Foot Ulcers (DFU) in a Tertiary Hospital
(Diabetes & Obesity International Journal, 2022-04-11) Obum-Nnadi, Charity
Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a major complication of diabetes mellitus. Risk of MRSA should be considered in selecting empirical antibiotics. This study was aimed to determine the Risk factors of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from Diabetes patients with foot ulcers (DFU). A total of 204 patients with diabetic foot were included in the study. Data collected using a pre-designed questionnaire included patient characteristics and medical history to determine risk factors for developing an MRSA infection in the foot. Specimens were obtained by scraping the ulcer base or the deep portion of the wound edge with a sterile curette, and were promptly sent to the laboratory for culture and identification. The prevalence of MRSA in DFU patients was 22.1%. Male patients with DFU were more infected with MRSA 26(12.7%) than females 19(9.3%) with statistical significance (p < 0.04). The age group 41 – 60 years had the highest prevalence of 27(13.2%) with statistically significance (p < 0.03). Farmers and DFU patients of 6 – 10 years had the highest prevalence of 20(9.8%) and 22(10.8%) without statistical significance. Risk factors were all significantly associated to MRSA colonization of diabetic foot ulcers and includes patients who had Type 2 diabetes for 1 – 5 years, and fasting blood sugar greater than >126, patients who smoked and drank for more than 10 years, and patients with body mass >30kg/m2. The prevalence of MRSA in DFU patients was 22.1% which was high. Risk factors were all statiatically associated to MRSA colonization of diabetic foot ulcers. The results from this study will guide healthcare workers on how to educate the patients in the study environment on the possible risk factors contributing to the colonization of MRSA in diabetic foot ulcers and the use of antibiotic therapy to eliminate MRSA from colonized wounds.
Studies on the Efficacy of Various Antimycotic Drugs on Emerging and Reemerging, Superficial, Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Mycotic Infections
(Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 2022-05-16) Obum-Nnadi, Charity
Introduction: The efficacy of five systemic and topical antifungal medications, Voriconazole, clotrimazol, beclometasone, Itraconazole, and Fluconazole, on dermatomycosis, which affects the superficial layers of the skin, nails, foot, and hair, was tested with 180 patients. Methods: Included were specimen collection, processing, microscopy, and culture, as well as antifungal susceptibility testing using the E-test method. The Candida species were confirmed and their susceptibility to Voriconazole and Fluconazole was tested using the automated Vitek 2. Results: The final strain identification indicated 41 dermatophytes (69.49%), 11 non-dermatophytic molds (NDM) (18.64%), and 7 yeasts (11.87%). (candida). Candida was the most prevalent nondermatophyte species found. Trichophyton rubrum was the most prevalent species isolated in Tinea corporis, T. cruris, T. capitis, and T. faciei. When tested with the E strips, all dermatophyte strains showed the greatest vulnerability to beclometasone and clotrimazole (MIC range of 0.04 0.64), but homogeneous resistance to Fluconazole (i.e. MIC 32 g/ml). Conclusion: Variation in species distribution was shown to be statistically significant (p = 0.001) in terms of clinical presentation.
Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B and C among HIV Patients attending Wuse District Hospital Abuja, Nigeria
(Journal of Applied Health Sciences and Medicine, 2022-06-29) Obum-Nnadi, Charity
Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis B Virus are among the clinical conditions of public health importance with high morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in developing countries. These two infections share common route of transmission that puts HIV positive individuals at risk of co-infection with HBV. It is therefore necessary to document the seroprevalence of HBV among HIV patients in Abuja. Materials and Methods: The seroprevalence of HBV among HIV patients attending Wuse district hospital in Abuja was studied using the Rapid Test Detection (RTD) strips, Methods involving Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) (PCR). Non-HIV volunteers in the same area served as control. DNA and RNA were extracted with zymo extraction kits, the genes purity quantified by Nanodrop 1000 and amplified by 9700 Applied Biosystem Thermocycler. The amplicons were resolved by Agarose Gel Electrophoresis. Phylogenetic analysis and sequencing were done by Inquaba South Africa and data analysed statistically with Graphpad prism version 7. A total of four hundred (400) subjects were involved in the study using Stratified Random Sampling method; two hundred (200) HIV patients from the district hospital and two hundred (200) for the Non-HIV volunteers within Abuja Municipal. Results: The prevalence of hepatitis B in Wuse district hospital using RTD was 4% as against 20% when PCR method was used. The phylogenetic analysis of HIV revealed HIV1 isolate closely related to AF069943.1 HIV-1 isolate with 2,538 bp genomic DNA obtained in 1995 from a hospitalized individual from Maiduguri, Borno state, Nigeria. The prevailing HBV genotype was HBV genotype E. Conclusion: The findings of this research confirm that HBV is a major co-morbid infection and a threat to HIV patients. The PCR is the best method of diagnosis. The government should improve in creating awareness and vaccinating the populace to reduce the prevalence of these infections.
Anti-Bacterial, Phytochemical Analysis and Blood Pressure Lowering Effects of Orange Flesh Sweet Potatoes (Ipomoea Batatas L.)
(Current Research in Interdisciplinary Studies, 2022-07-12) Obum-Nnadi, Charity
Aim; The use of natural or alternative medicines has increased markedly over the last few years. The practice started in Africa quite a while past before the disclosure of even chemotherapeutics. With time, the practice spread to Asian nations and different parts of the world. Over the previous century it has gotten more consideration from places like Europe and the United States of America and has been utilized all the more widely in treating different infirmities. In view of considering the efficacy of traditional medicines, this study aims at assessing the Phytochemical and Antibacterial property of fresh and fermented Ipomoea batatas L. against selected test microorganisms. Methods: The Antibacterial efficacy was tested using the agar-well diffusion technique. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the extracts were also determined. Phytochemical examination of the hot, cold and fermented extracts was also analyzed using standard methods. Results: Results obtained uncovered that the Antibacterial activities in cold extracts were more effective than the hot extract. Cold extracts of Ipomoea batatas L. tuber has Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Escherichia coli. Hot extracts (HE) of Ipomoea batatas L. bark have Antibacterial activity against Serratia marcescens. Cold extracts of Ipomoea batatas L. tuber was bactericidal for S. aureus at 900mg/ml and 450mg/ml, making 450mg/ml the MBC. CE of Ipomoea batatas L. bark, CE of Ipomoea batatas L. leaf, HE of Ipomoea batatas L. tuber and CE of Ipomoea batatas L. stem was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pyogenes respectively and all organisms came out resistant. The phytochemical analysis of the non-fermented sample uncovered the presence of saponins, flavonoids, anthraquinones, tannins, glycosides and phenol. The fermented Ipomoea batatas L. flour revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, tannins and alkaloid while the fermented juice revealed the presence of only alkaloid. It was likewise discovered that Ipomoea batatas L. stabilized the blood pressure and blood levels of people at Kpaduma town in Guzape. Conclusion: Ipomoea batatas L. contains phytochemicals, according to this study. The plant has antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes and Serretiamarcesens, indicating that it can be utilized as an antibacterial. In addition, Ipomoea batatas L. has been shown to be useful in the controlling of high blood pressure and blood sugar levels.
Antibiotics Susceptibility Pattern of different Bacteria Associated with female Genital tract Infection in Rural Communities in North central Nigeria
(Current Research in Interdisciplinary Studies, 2022-08-23) Obum-Nnadi, Charity
Genital tract infections (GTI) are infections of the reproductive system which are caused by pathogenic organisms normally present in the reproductive tract, or introduced from the outside during sexual contact or medical procedures. Infectious agents can impair various important human functions, including reproduction. Bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites are able to interfere with the reproductive function in both sexes. Antibiotic susceptibility testing is commonly used in Medical Microbiology (1) the disc diffusion technique and (2) the tube dilution method. Both methods identify the infecting pathogen and the antibiotics that are likely to inhibit its growth. This study was conducted to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria in the genital tract of females in rural communities in FCT Abuja, Nigeria. A total of 75 samples were collected from 32 women of the age ranging from 21 to 60 years which include; clean catch mid-stream urine, High Vaginal Swab-HVS and Endocervical Swab-ECS samples. The samples were inoculated immediately after collection in the laboratory on chocolate and MacConkey agar. Microscopy of the samples was carried out using wet preparation method they were placed on a clean grease free glass slide, covered with cover slip and viewed under the microscope using low power (X10) and high power (X40) objectives. Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed on all isolated bacteria using the Kirby Bauer’s disc diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar. Five (5) different bacteria isolates namely Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Coliform bacilli, Serretia marcescens, Pseudomonas were identified. The female samples within the age group of 25–52 years, showed higher prevalence of Genital Tract Infection (GTI), 61.3% of the isolates were found to be Gram positive while 28.2% were found to be Gram negative bacteria. Staphylococcus spp (61.3%) was the most prevalent gram positive isolate. Most of the Gram-negative isolates resisted Nalixidic acid, Ceporex and Septrin among all other Gram-negative disc used. 92.26% and 84.52% of the Gram-negative and Gram-positive isolates respectively, were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin. This study reveals that about 50% of female in the rural communities in Abuja between the ages of 21 and 60 years are living with GIT. Both the Gram-negative and the Gram-positive isolates were highly sensitive to Ciprofloxacin. Hence ciprofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic. The abuse of antibiotics should be discouraged to prevent the increase of antimicrobial resistant cases so as to eradicate these bacterial infections. Finally, the Public Health and epidemiology Department in Federal Capital Territory Abuja should create awareness on personal hygiene in all the rural Communities in Abuja to avoid these infections.
Mycological Studies of three skin Infections: Atropic dermatitis (Eczema), Tinea corporis (body Ring worm) and Seborrheic dermatitis (Dandruff) of the Scalp and Skin in Rural Communities in North-Central, Nigeria
(Current Research in Interdisciplinary Studies, 2022-08-23) Obum-Nnadi, Charity
Aim: Skin diseases are common and often have an impact on an individual’s health-related quality of life. Skin disorders or rather, infections can be isolated and identified to aid in diagnosis of the particular infection and can be characterized generally or specifically by their symptoms. They can also be managed and control by certain measures. Skin fungal infections continue to place a burden on health care and are a serious concern internationally in terms of cost and resource impact. The purpose of this research is to determine the fungi associated with certain skin infections. Methods: A mycological evaluation of three skin conditions; Eczema, Ringworm and Dandruff, was conducted on 30 cases. Direct microscopy by lacto-phenol cotton blue (LPCB) tease mount and culture was undertaken to isolate the fungal pathogens in each case. Results: The commonest dermatophyte isolated was Microsporum spp (41.7%). Dandruff cultures grew a high proportion of species of a non-dermatophyte mould, Aspergillus, of which Aspergillus niger (25%) was the commonest specie isolated. Total LPCB positivity rate was 100% and total culture positivity rate for dandruff was 40%, for Ringworm was 35% and for Eczema was 25%. Conclusion: This study highlights the fact that fungi also play a role in skin diseases, as either primary or secondary pathogens, and that inflammatory and non-inflammatory skin diseases are also in association with various moulds and/or dermatophyte genera.
Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Micro Organisms Associated with Ocular Infections
(Open Access Journal of Ophthalmology, 2022-09-14) Obum-Nnadi, Charity
Background and Objective: Ocular infections in man are the contamination and invasion of ocular tissues by micro organisms leading to the breakdown of the natural defense mechanisms of the eyes. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of microorganisms associated with ocular infections. Methods: A hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted at four (4) tertiary hospitals in Abia State. Ocular specimens were collected from 500 patients. Subsequent identification was done based on morphology and biochemical tests. Susceptibility pattern of the isolates were done using the disk diffusion method. Results: The prevalence of ocular infection was 264(52.8%). Conjunctivitis was the most prevalent ocular infection of 105(39.8%) followed by Blepharitis 76(28.8%). S. aureus was the most prevalent pathogen 63(23.9%) followed by CoNS 36(13.6%). S. aureus was 100% sensitive to vancomycin and chloramphenicol. CoNS were also 100% sensitive to ciprofloxacin, vancomycin and chloramphenicol. K pneumoniae was 100% sensitive to gentamicin and Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid while N. gonorrhoeae was 100% sensitive to gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and cefotaxime. The overall MAR bacteria were 38(16.2%). Conclusion: The prevalence of ocular infection was high with Conjunctivitis being the dominant. The dominant bacteria species were S. aureus and CoNS. The overall MAR bacteria proportion was relatively high. The findings in this study calls for CoNStant bacterial surveillance before starting empirical treatment.
Livestock and Poultry Milieus as Non-Hospital Sources of AmpC and Extended-Spectrum Beta Lactamases Producers in Southeast Nigeria
(International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Phytopharmacological Research, 2022-10) Obum-Nnadi, Charity
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when microorganisms fail to respond to the therapeutic onslaught of antibiotics. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC enzymes are important AMR mechanisms that erode the efficacy of important antibiotics. Here, we report on the detection and susceptibility of ESBL- and AmpC-producing bacteria from livestock and poultry environments. Bacteriological and molecular biology tools were used for the isolation and characterization of bacteria. Combined disk diffusion methods and PCR were used to screen and confirm ESBL and AmpC production. ESBL was phenotypically detected in E. coli, Klebsiella species, and P. aeruginosa for samples from poultry at the rate of 4%, 1%, and 2% while samples from livestock milieus had ESBL-positive bacteria at the rate of 5%, 2%, 4% for E. coli, Klebsiella species and P. aeruginosa respectively. AmpC was phenotypically detected in E. coli (3%), Klebsiella species (2%), and P. aeruginosa isolates (1%) for samples from poultry milieus. For samples from livestock milieus, AmpC was phenotypically detected in E. coli (7%), Klebsiella species (3%), and P. aeruginosa (6%). The ESBL- and AmpC-positive bacteria showed significant levels of reduced susceptibility to the carbapenems and cephalosporins. PCR detected CTX M-15 genes (20%) and FOX-1 genes (25%) which mediated ESBL and AmpC resistance in bacteria. These findings have led to the identification of key functional genes that cause bacterial resistance in southeast Nigeria, and focus attention on the importance of surveillance and monitoring to mitigate the transmission of AMR in the environment, as antibiotic therapy could be affected.

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